20.500.12556/DiRROS-29237 Feedback-related dynamics of hierarchical error processing in goal-directed action The performance monitoring system is essential for adaptive behavior and the development of brain-machine interfaces that utilize neural feedback signals. The posterior medial frontal cortex generates different error-related potentials (ErrP), including error-related negativity (ERN), N2, and feedback-related negativity (FRN), which encode specific aspects of performance evaluation. In this study, we reexamine the hierarchical framework of error processing by investigating how low-level execution error detection and correction influence high-level outcome evaluation as reflected in FRN dynamics. Furthermore, we examine whether neural signals associated with outcome errors maintain consistent or distinct feature representations under different experimental conditions of altered feedback availability. Using a visuomotor rotation task, we manipulated the availability of visual feedback in three blocks to examine how immediate sensory error detection and corrective actions interact with outcome processing. Participants (n = 16) performed reaching movements while experiencing unexpected cursor rotations (±20° and ±40°; 20% probability) that challenged their sensorimotor control and task success. EEG recordings revealed that the FRN showed valence sensitivity in Blocks 1 and 3, while Block 2 exhibited a surprise-driven response without outcome differentiation. In contrast, posterior negativity appeared only in Blocks 1 and 3, where participants could detect and correct movement errors. This posterior response emerged on trials requiring corrective movements, regardless of final outcome, and appears to be driven by the availability of sensory feedback and error correction rather than by outcome valence. Furthermore, we demonstrate robust classification between low-level and high-level error signals and their conditional outcome-related variations, providing a foundation for more informative feedback in adaptive neural interfaces. error-related potentials feedback-related negativity performance monitoring neural signals brain-machine interfaces visuomotor rotation vmesniki med možgani in strojem true false true IEEE ZDA Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik © 2026 The Authors. Neznano 2026-04-30 11:18:10 2026-04-30 11:18:10 2026-05-01 03:46:23 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 Nasl. z nasl. zaslona; Soavtorja iz Slovenije: Tjaša Kunavar, Jan Babič; Opis vira z dne 21. 4. 2026; str. 1-11 Vol. 34 [in press] 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2025-06-25 2026-04-08 2026-04-22 616.8 1558-0210 10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3683510 275968003 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11480901 1 83af8271-4475-11f1-a4de-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=43740 RAZ_Kroflic_Niko_2026.pdf RAZ_Kroflic_Niko_2026.pdf 1 4BF7CFCB18F351E1D5E2E0895A393C09 b14c7b71d448bd514dad4e285dd41f69e797d2133808d501e86c92fd71486d8b e0306ba0-4475-11f1-a4de-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=43741 Institut Jožef Stefan 0 0 0