20.500.12556/DiRROS-28617 Biomarkers and genetic determinants of cardiac sarcoidosis current status, the unmet needs and future perspectives Sarcoidosis is a systemic disorder driven by genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and immune dysregulation, resulting in the formation of noncaseating granulomas across multiple organs. In cardiac sarcoidosis (CS), immune cell infiltration of the myocardium, epicardium, and endocardium may lead to conduction disturbances, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure. While overt cardiac involvement was historically considered rare, affecting only 5% of sarcoidosis patients, the wider availability and improved sensitivity of contemporary cardiac imaging have revealed a substantially higher burden, with cardiac involvement reaching up to 55% in selected, systematically screened populations. Current diagnostic approaches for CS, including endomyocardial biopsy (EMB), cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), offer valuable insights but are restricted by high costs, invasiveness, and limited sensitivity and specificity. These challenges, together with the disproportionate contribution of cardiac involvement to sarcoidosis-related mortality, underscore the need for innovative, non-invasive, and widely accessible diagnostic strategies. Emerging evidence suggests that novel serum biomarkers and genomic studies hold promise for transforming the diagnostic landscape of CS. Biomarkers may provide accessible, cost-effective tools to complement established diagnostic methods, while genetic insights could identify individuals at higher risk for cardiac involvement and stratify patients based on disease phenotype. This review examines current evidence on serum biomarkers and genetic studies in CS diagnosis, identifies critical knowledge gaps, and proposes future directions aimed at advancing diagnostic precision and improving clinical outcomes. biomarker genetics heart sarcoidosis therapy biološki označevalec genetika srce sarkoidoza terapija true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Neznano 2026-03-26 09:03:45 2026-03-26 09:03:46 2026-03-27 04:14:46 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 Nasl. z nasl. zaslona; Opis vira z dne 17. 3. 2026; str. 1-10 Vol. 13, [article no.] 1754375 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 616.1 2297-055X 10.3389/fcvm.2026.1754375 271877123 RAZ_Bajec_Tine_2026.pdf RAZ_Bajec_Tine_2026.pdf 1 3BA540DEECDF3EFF978D6A7A14C1F0ED dea9f5c65e5f2e254d00e8d329641614369fa0585b93517070ae7258e03ed7fb c4899596-28ea-11f1-aa40-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=42513 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1754375/full 1 51962a14-28ea-11f1-aa40-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=42512 Univerzitetni klinični center Ljubljana 0 0 0