20.500.12556/DiRROS-28024 Cold-bonded artificial aggregate processing, performance and perspectives This article reviews cold-bonded artificial aggregates (CBAAs) produced from industrial wastes such as bottom ash, fly ash, slags, sludges, and other waste-derived precursors. It provides a detailed examination of the factors influencing their performance and the treatments used to enhance their properties. CBAAs are broadly classified into two groups based on binder type: cement-based aggregates and alkali-activated aggregates (AAAs). Cementbased CBAAs develop their required properties through hydration and pozzolanic reactions. Reported compressive strengths typically range from 1 to 12 MPa, while water absorption ranges from 10 % to 25 %. These properties vary significantly with precursor type, mix proportions, curing conditions, and surface treatments. In AAAs, cement is replaced by an alkaline binder to provide a more environmentally sustainable alternative. The properties of AAAs result from the formation of N-A-S-H or C-A-S-H gels, with commonly reported compressive strengths between 2 and 8 MPa. Performance can be improved by selecting the appropriate precursor type and optimizing the ratio of precursor to alkaline activator. Carbonation further enhances the properties of CBAAs by reducing porosity by up to 30 %, increasing compressive strength by a factor of two to three, and capturing CO₂ through the formation of CaCO₃. Environmental assessments indicate that converting industrial waste into aggregates can lower greenhouse gas emissions and keep leaching parameters within regulatory limits. This review also identifies ongoing challenges, such as precursor variability, energy demand, and scaling production, and outlines future directions to support the commercial deployment of CBAAs. cold bonded artificial aggregate recycling properties perspective umetni agregat pripravljen pri nizkih tempraturah recikliranje lastnosti perpektive true false true Elsevier Ltd Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik © 2026 The Authors Neznano 2026-03-06 10:54:15 2026-03-09 09:35:54 2026-03-10 03:52:25 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 str. 1-29 [article no.] 100932 Vol. 26 Jun. 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2026-02-22 620.1/.2 2666-5395 10.1016/j.oceram.2026.100932 270599939 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666539526000258 1 70ee78cf-1942-11f1-81cd-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=41345 RAZ_Raza_Jehangeer_2026.pdf RAZ_Raza_Jehangeer_2026.pdf 1 186D73A09EE3A236333CA7FAA0A7051A eb9768c84b67c0ba6804bdf7763797563c6e35c1e3735b96f1993120a2fe843f 0b920442-1944-11f1-81cd-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=41349 Zavod za gradbeništvo Slovenije 0 0 0