20.500.12556/DiRROS-27751 Pesticide contamination in apicultural products an updated and comprehensive review of analytical methods, occurrence, and safety concerns Honeybees and their products integrate landscape-level chemical exposure, making apicultural matrices valuable bioindicators for both food safety and environmental monitoring. This review summarizes current knowledge on pesticide residues in honey, pollen, beebread, beeswax, royal jelly, and propolis from 2019 to 2024, with an overview of analytical methodologies used in their determination. Multi-residue methods remain dominated by Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction combined with liquid and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, while high-resolution MS enables broader screening. Highly polar pesticides, particularly glyphosate and its metabolites, require specialised single-residue approaches, such as the Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) method and ion chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (IC-HRMS). Co-occurrence patterns frequently involve mixtures of neonicotinoids, acaricides, and fungicides, reflecting combined agricultural and in-hive treatments. Regarding matrices, honey typically shows insecticide and acaricide residues, pollen concentrates fungicides and insecticides as the main exposure route, and beeswax acts as a long-term sink for lipophilic compounds; royal jelly generally exhibits the lowest contamination levels. Although exceedances of Maximum Residue Limits in honey remain uncommon in European monitoring programs, the presence of pesticide mixtures and limited residue data for bee-related products beyond honey raise concern. Future research should prioritize harmonized residue limits for all beekeeping matrices, standardized quality control and reporting practices, targeted mixture-toxicity assessment under realistic co-exposure scenarios, and the broader adoption of green, miniaturized, and matrix-tailored sample preparation strategies to enhance sensitivity, sustainability, and comparability across studies. apicultural products honey pesticides residues analytical methods mass spectrometry food safety environmental monitoring plant protection products čebelji produkti apikulturni proizvodi med pesticidni ostanki analitske metode masna spektrometrija varnost hrane okoljsko spremljanje fitofamacevtska sredstva (FFS) true false true Elsevier Nizozemska Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik © 2026 The Author(s). Neznano 2026-02-24 11:08:32 2026-02-24 11:08:33 2026-02-25 03:50:45 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 Nasl. z nasl. zaslona; Opis vira z dne 17. 2. 2026; Soavtorja iz Slovenije: Maj Smerkol, Anton Gradišek; Št. članka: e00300; str. 1-14 Vol. 49, [article no.] e00300 Mar. 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2025-11-16 2026-02-09 2026-02-10 638 2214-1588 10.1016/j.teac.2026.e00300 268744195 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221415882600005X 1 c910adf8-1168-11f1-9cb0-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=40778 RAZ_Fuente-Ballesteros_Adrian_2026.pdf RAZ_Fuente-Ballesteros_Adrian_2026.pdf 1 D8EB17864A6D2FDC0DF8D6A3BF1C70F3 097b5efb699fa086d804f3af7fdf5f3cb684452061a63e99ea2fd182628146f4 21649307-1169-11f1-9cb0-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=40780 Institut Jožef Stefan 0 0 0