20.500.12556/DiRROS-25672 Two-photon 3D printing of functional microstructures inside living cells 3D printing is transforming manufacturing and biomedicine, yet it has not been demonstrated inside living cells. Additionally, there is no method to deliver micron-scale, free-standing solid microstructures directly into the cytosol of non-phagocytic cells. Here, both of these challenges are addressed by fabricating custom-shaped polymeric microstructures directly inside living cells using two-photon polymerization. A bio-compatible photoresist is injected into cells and selectively polymerized with a femtosecond laser, creating intracellular structures with submicron resolution. Structures of various shapes are printed in live cells, including a 10 elephant, barcodes for cell tracking, diffraction gratings for remote readout, and microlasers. The printed structures in cells can affect the cell biology. The demonstrated top-down intracellular biofabrication approach, combined with functional photoresists, may enable new applications in intracellular sensing, biomechanical manipulation, bioelectronics, and targeted drug delivery. These embedded structures could provide novel control over the intracellular environment, allowing engineering of cellular properties beyond natural limits and genetic engineering. living cells polymeric microstructure žive celice polimerne mikrostrukture true false true Wiley Nemčija Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik © 2026 The Author(s). Neznano 2026-01-27 08:48:31 2026-01-27 08:48:32 2026-01-28 04:15:02 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 Nasl. z nasl. zaslona; Soavtorji: Aljaž Kavčič, Uroš Jagodič, Rok Podlipec, Matjaž Humar; Opis vira z dne 23. 1. 2026; str. 1-12 iss. , [article no.] e19286 Vol. 38 [in press] 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2025-09-30 2025-12-12 2026-01-14 577 1521-4095 10.1002/adma.202519286 265955331 https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202519286 1 963b1558-fb54-11f0-a15d-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=38955 RAZ_Mur_Marusa_2026.pdf RAZ_Mur_Marusa_2026.pdf The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16743381, reference number 16743381. 1 4146128E259825490C046A844A8DA60F 67b996a7bce58d04b32e04161feb7acab30de690c07d9c5efffafd207deec4c9 0642a12d-fb55-11f0-a15d-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=38956 Institut Jožef Stefan 0 0 0