20.500.12556/DiRROS-25126 Mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete a RILEM 304‑ADC interlaboratory study – flexural and tensile strength This paper discusses the flexural and tensile strength properties of 3D printed concrete, based on the results of a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study on mechanical properties. These properties are determined using different testing techniques, including 3- and 4-point flexural tests, splitting tests, and uniaxial tension tests, on specimens extracted from large 3D printed elements in accordance with a prescribed study plan. The relationship between compressive and flexural or tensile strengths, cast or printed samples, different types of tests, and different loading orientations, are analysed to understand the influence of 3D printing. As expected, the strength can reduce significantly when the main tensile stress is acting perpendicular to the interface between layers. The role of deviations from the standard study procedure, in terms of the time interval between the placing of subsequent layers, or the adoption of a different curing strategy, are also assessed. While the increased time interval significantly impacts the strength in the critical direction, the use of variable curing conditions does not seem to have a clear-cut effect on the strength ratios of the printed to cast specimens. Additionally, the paper looks at the variability in the results for the printed specimens, in order to emphasize the need for multiple replicates for obtaining a proper result. An extensive insight into the aspects affecting the variability is presented in the paper. Finally, with the limited dataset available for specimens tested at a larger scale, it is difficult to arrive at a clear understanding of the role of specimen size (i.e., greater number of layers). 3D concrete printing digital fabrication flexural strength tensile strength interlayer bond strength 3D tiskanje betona digitalna proizvodnja upogibna trdnost natezna trdnost trdnost vezi med plastmi true false true Springer Netherlands Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik © The Author(s) 2025 Neznano 2026-01-12 11:32:06 2026-01-12 11:51:59 2026-01-13 03:45:12 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 str. 1-33 article no. 182 Vol. 58 Jun. 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2025-06-24 620.1/.2 1871-6873 10.1617/s11527-025-02687-w 259282691 https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-025-02687-w 0 f4e6f30d-efa1-11f0-94a7-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=37842 https://zenodo.org/records/12200570 0 f5f8f637-efa1-11f0-94a7-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=37843 RAZ_Wolfs_Rob_2025.pdf RAZ_Wolfs_Rob_2025.pdf 1 C6AEBC94FF50EB37A6A8B9EDF44A9CA1 7a33e2838c183ef078eaa085cdff285b9e53977766846ef0a50cc71962b20855 b00e3623-efa4-11f0-94a7-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=37845 Zavod za gradbeništvo Slovenije 0 0 0