20.500.12556/DiRROS-24984 Radio signals recognition with unsupervised deep learning a survey Radio signals recognition with unsupervised deep learning: a survey Optimization of wireless network parameters relies on the awareness of a dynamically changing radio environment, which depends on the presence of active devices characterized by various radio access technologies (RATs), modulation schemes, and overall spectrum usage patterns, and can be determined by advanced radio signal recognition methods. While various supervised machine learning (ML) models have been explored for signal recognition, their actual deployment has been limited so far due to challenges in acquiring labeled datasets. The emergence of Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architectures and open experimental testbed setups has enabled access to large-scale, unlabeled data through standardized interfaces, paving the way for unsupervised deep learning methods. These methods, unlike supervised approaches, require minimal labeled data and have shown promising results in domains such as computer vision and time-series processing. However, their application in wireless communications remains relatively unexplored. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of unsupervised deep learning techniques for addressing key challenges for signal recognition in wireless communications, including automatic modulation classification (AMC), signal sensing, specific emitter identification (SEI), and anomaly detection. Specifically, we examine state-of-the-art approaches such as deep clustering, contrastive learning, autoencoder-based reconstruction, and generative models. Additionally, we discuss available open datasets and identify research opportunities to advance this field, leveraging the substantial successes of self-supervised learning in computer vision and natural language processing. By organizing the survey into two key complementary perspectives—wireless communication challenges and unsupervised deep learning solutions—this work provides a roadmap for researchers and practitioners seeking to develop innovative, data-efficient models for the next generation of AI-native wireless networks. anomaly detection automatic modulation classification radio signal recognition signal sensing zaznavanje nepravilnosti prepoznavanje radijskega signala zaznavanje signala true false true IEEE ZDA Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik © 2025 The Authors. Neznano 2026-01-07 09:49:46 2026-01-07 09:49:46 2026-01-08 03:47:21 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 Nasl. z nasl. zaslona; Soavtorji: Blaž Bertalanič, Carolina Fortuna, Mihael Mohorčič; Opis vira z dne 5. 1. 2026; str. 217769-217798 Vol. 13 23 Dec. 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno apc 2025-11-13 2025-12-15 2025-12-31 004.8 2169-3536 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3647686 263441667 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11311988 1 d3508e11-eba5-11f0-94a7-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=37446 RAZ_Milosheski_Ljupcho_2025.pdf RAZ_Milosheski_Ljupcho_2025.pdf 1 A1AC2C36A0A3C52CC9D42472D35093A7 c8f8c33d093c8ab0b92724ec57f6f0d0b8d5dfc2bc2285df362c0cd065426c70 89195a81-eba6-11f0-94a7-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=37447 Institut Jožef Stefan 0 0 0