20.500.12556/DiRROS-24836 Frequency-domain analysis of voltammetric signals a framework to augment electrochemical sensing explored through benzenediol detection Electrochemical signals are traditionally interpreted in the time domain, where overlapping faradaic and non-faradaic currents, noise, and drift obscure frequency-dependent behaviour. This study introduces a frequency-domain framework that complements time-domain analysis by decomposing voltammetric signals into their harmonic components through Fourier methods. AC voltammetry provides experimental evidence of how increasing excitation frequency progressively suppresses faradaic clarity, while a modified Randles equivalent circuit model explains this response through the interplay of charge-transfer, diffusion, and double-layer charging processes. Fourier series analysis of canonical voltammetric techniques, including linear sweep, cyclic, differential pulse, and square wave voltammetry, shows that waveform geometry uniquely defines harmonic structure. Fast Fourier transform analysis of practical data reveals artefacts introduced by finite sampling, binning, and spectral leakage. These effects highlight the need for conceptual awareness when interpreting experimental spectra. Quantitative spectral descriptors such as the centroid, bandwidth, flatness, and low-frequency power fraction link waveform design directly to faradaic visibility and measurement clarity. Frequency-domain analysis therefore establishes that electrochemical measurement is inherently frequency-structured. By combining experimental data, equivalent circuit modelling and spectral metrics within a single framework, this approach provides a general route to optimise waveform parameters, reduce capacitive interference, and improve interpretability across electrochemical techniques. Viewed more broadly, this perspective reframes the process of the measurement itself, showing that time-domain signals are projections of an underlying spectral reality. frequency domain spectral decomposition electrochemical sensors benzenediols elektrokemijski senzorji true false true Elsevier Nizozemska Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik © 2025 The Author(s). Neznano 2025-12-22 09:46:11 2025-12-22 09:46:12 2025-12-23 03:59:12 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 Nasl. z nasl. zaslona; Opis vira z dne 19. 12. 2025; str. 1-12 pt. B, [article no.] 119706 Vol. 259 Feb. 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno apc 2025-06-17 2025-11-10 2025-11-12 544.5/.6 1873-412X 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119706 262276611 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263224125030659?via%3Dihub 1 acd541e1-df12-11f0-94a7-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=37153 RAZ_Krishnamurthy_Abhilash_2026.pdf RAZ_Krishnamurthy_Abhilash_2026.pdf 1 EA1C29CA9456410A7F5A24B312BE91F7 376a1a978837740c8a603feb4e426d2db61e5451170db5cfcd9fa769fe1286be 37e62bc9-df13-11f0-94a7-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=37154 Institut Jožef Stefan 0 0 0