20.500.12556/DiRROS-24634 Evaluation of methylene blue solution distribution in the four-point transversus abdominis plane block technique in pigs a pilot anatomical study Aim: This prospective pilot anatomical study aimed to develop an ultrasoundguided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block technique that desensitises cranial and mid-abdominal wall in grower pigs. We hypothesised that a fourpoint TAP approach would be more efficient than a three-point TAP in staining relevant nerves of the cranial and mid-abdominal wall. Methods: In phase I, the ultrasound anatomy of the abdominal wall musculature was examined on three pig cadavers (two piglets and one fattening pig) and the ultrasound localization of the needle in the corresponding interfascial plane was practised. In phase II, a three-point TAP injection was performed in three freshly euthanized cadavers of grower pigs. A 1% methylene blue solution (0.3 mL/ kg per injection point) was injected between the transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscle. In phase III, methylene blue solution was injected at four points (0.2 mL/kg per injection point) in four anaesthetized grower pigs prior to euthanasia. Positive nerve staining was defined as continuous staining of at least 1 cm of the nerve length. Binary variables (positive/negative) were used for nerve staining assessment. Results: The four-point TAP technique with a lower injection volume stained more nerves than the three-point technique with a higher injection volume, i.e., 69% of the observed nerves from the eighth-last thoracic to the third lumbar nerve were stained with the four-point TAP technique. The nerves in the centre were stained with a higher success rate, while the eighth-last thoracic and the second lumbar nerve were stained with less success (1/8 and 3/8, respectively). The third lumbar nerve was not stained. Conclusion: The four-point TAP technique could be used as part of a multimodal analgesia approach for cranial and mid-abdominal surgery in pigs, but live animal studies are needed to evaluate the clinical applicability and efficacy of desensitisation. abdominal surgery cadaveric anatomical study pig regional anaesthesia transversus abdominis plane block methylene blue abdominalna kirurgija kadaverska anatomska študija prašič področna anastezija ravninski blok prečne trebušne mišice metilensko modrilo true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Neznano 2025-12-09 13:30:32 2025-12-09 13:30:32 2025-12-10 03:45:49 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 Nasl. z nasl. zaslona; Opis vira z dne 16. 4. 2025; str. 1-10 Vol. 12, [article no.] 1574833 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno apc 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 636.09:616 2297-1769 10.3389/fvets.2025.1574833 233037571 RAZ_Sredensek_Jerneja_2025.pdf RAZ_Sredensek_Jerneja_2025.pdf 1 22250BB2C7AF81122D1DB03AE5E5FCA9 c72f9347e3f5ccc04d473ec6c73960e21ac57edaec701aa6f120055a239cd036 ff562e9c-d4fa-11f0-94a7-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=36756 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1574833/full 1 ddd53c6c-d4fa-11f0-94a7-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=36755 Univerzitetni klinični center Ljubljana 0 0 0