20.500.12556/DiRROS-24491 Taxonomy of digital twins for power grids Digital twins (DTs) are increasingly adopted in the energy sector, yet existing conceptual frameworks and maturity models remain largely generic, limiting their usefulness for power grid applications with stringent requirements for resilience, security, and lifecycle integration. This paper proposes an upgraded taxonomy of DTs tailored to power grid systems, extending earlier generic frameworks and aligning them with the ISO/IEC30186:2025 maturity model. The taxonomy introduces domain-specific dimensions, including cyber-physical security integration, intelligence level, and multi-layered data architectures, while ensuring compatibility with internationally standardized maturity aspects. A comprehensive literature analysis and co-occurrence study underpin the revisions, ensuring both methodological rigor and relevance to current research and practice. The taxonomy’s analytical and practical value is demonstrated through its application to three real-world DT use cases: KOEN (generation-focused), Elvia (distribution-focused), and Bentley OpenUtilities (lifecycle-integrated). Comparative benchmarking across these cases highlights both commonalities and context-dependent maturity profiles, confirming that DT maturity is not absolute but shaped by organizational objectives, technical architectures, and sectoral priorities. The taxonomy also enables scenario-based reasoning and role-specific insights, supporting cybersecurity analysis, operational decision-making, and business risk evaluation. By combining academic rigor, sector-specific focus, and alignment with international standards, the proposed taxonomy offers a replicable framework for assessing and improving DT maturity in power grids. An interactive tool, openly available on GitHub, further supports its practical application by enabling benchmarking, visualization, and recommendations. In this way, the work contributes both to scholarly discourse on DT conceptualization and to the practical adoption of maturity frameworks by utilities, regulators, and technology providers. taxonomy power grids digital twin co-occurrence analysis taksonomija elektroenergetska omrežja pametna omrežja true false true Elsevier Nizozemska Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik © 2025 The Author(s). Neznano 2025-12-02 12:59:42 2025-12-02 12:59:43 2025-12-03 03:42:19 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 Nasl. z nasl. zaslona; Opis vira z dne 2. 12. 2025; 1-23 str. Vol. 7, [article no.] 104124 Mar. 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2025-10-14 2025-11-21 2025-11-30 004 1873-5320 10.1016/j.aei.2025.104124 259565571 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474034625010171 1 6634f68f-cf76-11f0-94a7-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=36496 RAZ_Pavleska_Tanja_2026.pdf RAZ_Pavleska_Tanja_2026.pdf 1 9A94A9ED352D5BB7E230EA8434721A3E a80d75b7bbb8e6d6421578fac2b7e117d27d7459ecfaded7c07f6ee623c8f2b4 c559d64c-cf76-11f0-94a7-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=36497 Institut Jožef Stefan 0 0 0