20.500.12556/DiRROS-23646 Re-evaluating restrained shrinkage tests for sustainable sprayed concrete tunnel linings The demand for tunnelling and underground construction is steadily increasing, alongside growing considerations for carbon emission reduction in tunnelling projects. Using sprayed concrete as a prominent ground support mechanism for the sequential excavation method is also undergoing low-carbon transition with improved resource efficiency. Enhancing the durability of sprayed concrete linings for structural support and water tightness is essential, particularly when used as a permanent lining, replacing conventional cast in-situ concrete for a design life exceeding 100 years. As sprayed concrete is a time-dependent material used in a time-dependent tunnelling environment, restrained shrinkage cracking in tunnel linings is a recognised issue, especially in mined tunnels in shallow or hard-rock ground with minimal ground movement. The susceptibility of sprayed concrete to restrained shrinkage cracking poses challenges to low-carbon transition, impacting the efficacy and longevity of tunnel linings. Excessive crack widths in tunnel projects often lead to non-conformances, requiring time-consuming repairs and affecting project delivery. However, current design methods for permanent sprayed concrete linings inadequately consider the effects of restrained shrinkage, particularly with sprayed concrete containing reinforcement fibres and accelerators. This paper examines the features that should be included in the restrained shrinkage test for tunnel lining applications, and proposes an improvement in detecting crack initiation and determining the optimal number of measurement points form when multiple cracks form with a finite element analysis. The analysis results showed the possibility of detecting the onset of cracking and crack location with multiple measurement points by interpreting the response of each measurement point. tunnel linings sprayed concrete restrained shinkage large ring test tunelske obloge brizgani beton ovirano krčenje test z obročem velikih dimenzij true false true CRC Press Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik © 2025 The Author(s) Neznano 2025-09-19 08:10:35 2025-09-19 10:54:34 2025-10-24 03:54:44 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 Str. 509-516 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2025-05-08 620.1/.2 10.1201/9781003559047-66 248857603 212003843 https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003559047-66 0 5cb6b28d-951f-11f0-9bb7-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=34999 RAZ_Xu_Zhongyu_2025.pdf RAZ_Xu_Zhongyu_2025.pdf 1 C9F839F2D91635224DE3C05A1F3D9880 eb3d1702c8a9a152c8334b0766fb0d60e9376a07a241ce6ad75f1f54830aeff0 dffec202-9520-11f0-9bb7-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=35002 Zavod za gradbeništvo Slovenije 0 0 0