20.500.12556/DiRROS-22627 Experimental study on thermal runaway characteristics and fire hazards of lithium-ion batteries in semi-confined space of transportation Fire incidents involving lithium-ion batteries during transportation have become increasingly frequent, causing significant property damage and posing serious health risks to individuals nearby. Despite growing concerns over these incidents, the effects of spatial confinement during transportation on battery thermal runaway and fire behavior remain insufficiently understood. In this study, considering that batteries during transportation are often in space-limited scenarios, a comparative experiment was conducted to investigate lithium iron phosphate batteries’ thermal runaway characteristics and fire hazards in semi-confined space with top openings. The research demonstrates that semi-confined space accelerates the thermal runaway process and exacerbates the fire hazard. Furthermore, as the state of charge increases, the severity of thermal runaway and the associated fire hazard escalate. Notably, as the size of the top opening increases, the battery deflagration transitions from extinction to stable continuous combustion, with gas toxicity initially increasing and then decreasing. This paper emphasizes the critical role of semi-confined space in influencing the fire behavior of lithium-ion batteries. It underscores the importance of effective smoke venting designs to mitigate the risks of battery thermal runaway during transportation. These findings can provide valuable insights for formulating regulations on lithium-ion battery transportation and designing smoke venting systems for transportation containers. lithium-ion batteries transportation safety thermal runaway fire hazard litij-ionske akumulatorske baterije varnost v prometu termalno pregrevanje nevarnost požara true false true Elsevier Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik © 2025 The Authors Neznano 2025-06-10 14:18:35 2025-06-10 14:24:46 2025-10-24 03:51:50 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 str. 1-17 [article no.] 117220 Vol. 128 Aug. 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2025-06-02 621.31 2352-1538 10.1016/j.est.2025.117220 238502915 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X25019334 1 0a710477-45f5-11f0-963a-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=32791 1-s2.0-S2352152X25019334-main.pdf 1-s2.0-S2352152X25019334-main.pdf 1 939EC1ECB676A6D8FEA48260E862C130 dda10ac08737d28f39cdb80be9a63382603c090b98f2c74957c3c52466e0d41a d7bf73a4-45f5-11f0-963a-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=32792 Zavod za gradbeništvo Slovenije 0 0 0