20.500.12556/DiRROS-21954 Hazard characterization of the mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health Enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) are cyclic hexadepsipeptide fungal metabolites which have demonstrated antibiotic, antimycotic, and insecticidal activities. The substantial toxic potentials of these mycotoxins are associated with their ionophoric molecular properties and relatively high lipophilicities. ENNs occur extensively in grain and grain-derived products and are considered a food safety issue by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The tolerable daily intake and maximum levels for ENNs in humans and animals remain unestablished due to key toxicological and toxicokinetic data gaps, preventing full risk assessment. Aiming to find critical data gaps impeding hazard characterization and risk evaluation, this review presents a comprehensive summary of the existing information from in vitro and in vivo studies on toxicokinetic characteristics and cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, endocrine, reproductive and developmental effects of the most prevalent ENN analogues (ENN A, A1, B, B1) and BEA. The missing information identified showed that additional studies on ENNs and BEA have to be performed before sufficient data for an in-depth hazard characterisation of these mycotoxins become available. enniatins beauvericin genotoxicity endocrine effects immunotoxicology toxicokinetics mikotoksini enniatin beauvericin toksičnost ocena varnosti true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Neznano 2025-04-14 12:05:29 2025-04-14 12:05:29 2025-10-24 03:50:15 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 Soavtorji: Christiane Kruse Fæste, Amaya Azqueta, Ana M. Tavares, Anastasia Spyropoulou, Anita Solhaug, Ann-Karin Olsen, Ariane Vettorazzi, Birgit Mertens, Bojana Zegura, Camille Streel, Dieynaba Ndiaye, Eliana Spilioti, Estelle Dubreil, Franca Maria Buratti, Francesco Crudo, Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen, Igor Snapkow, João Paulo Teixeira, Josef D. Rasinger, Julie Sanders, Kyriaki Machera, Lada Ivanova, Laurent Gaté, Ludovic Le Hegarat, Matjaz Novak, Nicola M. Smith, Sabrina Tait, Sónia Fraga, Sonja Hager, Doris Marko, Albert Braeuning, Henriqueta Louro, Maria João Silva, Hubert Dirven & Jessica Dietrich; str. [1-51] 2025 0000-00-00 PostprintKoncna VTisku NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2025-03-26 579 0340-5761 10.1007/s00204-025-03988-3 232348675 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00204-025-03988-3 1 00816743-1918-11f0-963a-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=31661 RAZ_Behr_Anne-Cathrin_2025.pdf RAZ_Behr_Anne-Cathrin_2025.pdf 1 AC13EB0A5DD69EDF4E01FE774D929EF7 21fdbe3e04f17981466843e6d8207838cf04519320d1ed9e4d61aa7e198386a7 34c82a28-1918-11f0-963a-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=31662 Nacionalni inštitut za biologijo 0 0 0