20.500.12556/DiRROS-21471 Establishing benchmark properties for 3D-printed concrete a study of printability, strength, and durability This study investigates the fresh state and hardened state mechanical and durability properties of 3D-printed concrete. The mechanical tests focused on its anisotropic behavior in response to different load orientations. Compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths were evaluated relative to the print layers orientation. Results showed that compressive strength varied significantly, achieving 85% of cast sample strength when the load was applied parallel to the print layers ([u] direction), 71% when the load was applied perpendicular to the print object’s side plane ([v] direction), while only reaching 59% when applied perpendicular to the top plane ([w] direction). Similar trends were observed for flexural strength, with average values reaching 75% of cast sample strength when the load was applied perpendicular to the print layers ([v.u] and [w.u] directions), but decreasing to 53% when the load was applied parallel to print layers ([u.w] direction), underscoring the weaknesses at interlayer interfaces. The splitting tensile strength remained relatively consistent across print orientations, reaching 90% of the cast sample strength. Durability assessment tests revealed that 3D-printed concrete exhibits reduced resistance to environmental factors, particularly at the layer interfaces where the cold joint was formed, which are prone to moisture penetration and crack formation. These findings contribute valuable insights into the mechanical and durability properties of 3D-printed concrete, emphasizing the importance of print orientation and interlayer bonding in its performance. This understanding helps guide the optimal use of 3D-printed elements in real-life applications by aligning load or exposure to environmental factors with the material’s strength and durability characteristics. civil engineering 3D-printing concrete additive manufacturing gradbeništvo 3D-tisk beton dodajalne tehnologije true false true MDPI Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Neznano 2025-02-11 07:44:18 2025-02-11 07:58:06 2025-02-12 03:35:47 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 Nasl. z nasl. zaslona; Opis vira z dne 10. 2. 2025; 1-23 str. iss. 2, [article no.] 74 Vol. 9 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2025-02-07 624 2504-477X 10.3390/jcs9020074 -7 225570819 https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/2/74 1 9faad6f9-e843-11ef-9f1e-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=30650 RAZ_Sapata_Alise_2025.pdf RAZ_Sapata_Alise_2025.pdf 1 2F3DCBEF1D0328980E5B0A48D8C966F8 91fe6f62aedadd792790b3bef85765d4d05b974857307eef6630b9a6f64dbbcb 83a29343-e845-11ef-9f1e-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=30651 Zavod za gradbeništvo Slovenije 0 0 0