20.500.12556/DiRROS-20831 In vitro hepatic 3D cell models and their application in genetic toxicology a systematic review In vitro hepatic 3D cell models and their application in genetic toxicology: a systematic review The rapid development of new chemicals and consumer products has raised concerns about their potential genotoxic effects on human health, including DNA damage leading to serious diseases. For such new chemicals and pharmaceutical products, international regulations require genotoxicity data, initially obtained through in vitro tests, followed by in vivo experiments, if needed. Traditionally, laboratory animals have been used for this purpose, however, they are costly, ethically problematic, and often unreliable due to species differences. Therefore, innovative more accurate in vitro testing approaches are rapidly being developed to replace, refine and reduce (3R) the use of animals for experimental purposes and to improve the relevance for humans in toxicology studies. One of such innovative approaches are in vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell models, which are already being highlighted as superior alternatives to the two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures that are traditionally used as in vitro models for the safety testing of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. 3D cell models provide physiologically relevant information and more predictive data for in vivo conditions. In the review article, we provide a comprehensive overview of 3D hepatic cell models, including HepG2, HepG2/C3A, HepaRG, human primary hepatocytes, and iPSC-derived hepatocytes, and their application in the field of genotoxicology. Through a detailed literature analysis, we identified 31 studies conducted between 2007 and April 2024 that used a variety of standard methods, such as the comet assay, the micronucleus assay, and the γH2AX assay, as well as new methodological approaches, including toxicogenomics, to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of chemicals, nanoparticles and natural toxins. Based on our search, we can conclude that the use of in vitro 3D cell models for genotoxicity testing has been increasing over the years and that 3D cell models have an even greater potential for future implementation and further refinement in genetic toxicology and risk assessment. genotoxicity advanced 3D in vitro models hepatic cells spheroids comet assay micronucleus assay genotoxicology toxicological studies genotoksičnost napredni 3D in vitro celični model sferoid test komet test mikrojeder genotoksikologija toksikološke študije true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Neznano 2024-11-14 13:07:16 2024-11-14 13:07:16 2024-11-29 03:38:13 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2024 0 0 Nasl. z nasl. zaslona; Članek v PDF formatu obsega 64 str.; Online first: 12 Nov. 2024; Opis vira z dne 14. 11. 2024; [article no.] ǂ503835 2024 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2024-11-12 615.9 1879-3592 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503835 214953475 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503835 1 0026ab66-a281-11ef-ba3f-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=29412 RAZ_Stampar_Martina_2024.pdf RAZ_Stampar_Martina_2024.pdf 1 4351EDD71FB3C15BC38245287DA6DFD2 006f62a6b5c356a0d032d1754f5a5650917ac6e3cfef3514eadb00b6a4538ec4 5f1c7110-ad6a-11ef-ba3f-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=29542 Nacionalni inštitut za biologijo 0 0 0