Design and efficiency enhancement of polar encoder based on universal logic gates utilizing QCA technologyDongdong, Liu (Avtor) Tiantian, Ji (Avtor) polar encoderquantum-dotcellular automataQCAdesignernano communicationnano electronicNano-scale circuit designs can be implemented using a transistor-free method called Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA). QCA circuits are denser, quicker, and need less energy than the commonly used transistor-based technologies. In QCA technology, like in many other technologies, it is crucial to send and receive information securely. The QCA-based polar encoder circuit is one of the circuits that makes this possible. There are some drawbacks to the polar encoders circuit in QCA technology, and a strong design with high speed and low cell count is also strongly required. This paper presents three new and largely used circuits for QCAbased polar encoders. The G2 (2-bit) design is a single-layer structure with 16 cells only and a total area of 0.02 μm2, while its delay is 0.5 clock cycles. A suggested G4 design would be 121 cells, requiring a total size of 0.16 μm2 with a delay of 1.50 clock cycles. The G8 design has a delay of 3.5 clock cycles at a total size of 0.8 μm2 with 564 cells. All designs are simulated using QCADesigner. The tests and the simulations prove the supremacy of the proposed circuits over the best previous circuits in terms of speed, number of cells, and space used for implementation.20252026-06-17 19:12:01Neznano30234UDK: 621.38ISSN pri članku: 0352-9045DOI: 10.33180/InfMIDEM2025.202COBISS_ID: 281473027sl