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21.
Timeline of leaf and cambial phenology in relation to development of initial conduits in xylem and phloem in three coexisting sub-Mediterranean deciduous tree species
Jožica Gričar, Andreja Vedenik, Gregor Skoberne, Polona Hafner, Peter Prislan, 2020, original scientific article

Abstract: It is unclear how the anticipated climate change will affect the timing of phenology of different tree organs/tissues and thus the whole-tree functioning. We examined the timing of leaf phenology and secondary growth in three coexisting deciduous tree species (Quercus pubescens Willd., Fraxinus ornus L. and Ostrya carpinifolia Scop) from a sub-Mediterranean region in 2019. In addition, we investigated the relationship between leaf and cambial phenology and the onset of the potential functioning of initial conduits, as determined by the completed differentiation process (vessels) or final size (sieve tubes). For this purpose, leaf development was monitored and the microcores of cambium and the youngest phloem and xylem increments were repeatedly collected at 7-10-day intervals during the growing season. The results revealed differences in the timing of leaf development and seasonal radial growth patterns in spring among the studied tree species, depending on wood porosity. We found that cambial cell production started in all cases in the first half of March. However, in ring-porous Q. pubescens and F. ornus, radial growth in the stem occurred more than a month before buds were swollen, whereas in diffuse-porous O. carpinifolia, these two events were detected at almost the same time. The end of cambial cell production occurred earliest in F. ornus (mid-July) and two weeks later also in the other two species. The widest initial earlywood vessels and early phloem sieve tubes were found in Q. pubescens, the narrowest initial earlywood vessels in O. carpinifolia and the narrowest early phloem sieve tubes in F. ornus. This indicates differences in the e%ciency of conducting systems among the studied species. This novel approach of studying phloem phenology and anatomy in relation to leaf and xylem development contributes to a better understanding of how different tree species adapt their structure of secondary vascular tissues in response to environmental change.
Keywords: Quercus pubescens, Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia, earlywood, early phloem, vessel, sieve tube, radial growth
Published in DiRROS: 21.10.2020; Views: 1202; Downloads: 892
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22.
Isotopic and water relation responses to ozone and water stress in seedlings of three oak species with different adaptation strategies
Claudia Cocozza, Elena Paoletti, Tanja Mrak, Saša Zavadlav, Tom Levanič, Hojka Kraigher, Alessio Giovannelli, Yasutomo Hoshika, 2020, original scientific article

Abstract: The impact of global changes on forest ecosystem processes is based on the species-specific responses of trees to the combined effect of multiple stressors and the capacity of each species to acclimate and cope with the environment modification. Combined environmental constraints can severely affect plant and ecological processes involved in plant functionality. This study provides novel insights into the impact of a simultaneous pairing of abiotic stresses (i.e., water and ozone (O3) stress) on the responses of oak species. Water stress (using 40 and 100% of soil water content at field capacity - WS and WW treatments, respectively) and O3 exposure (1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 times the ambient concentration - AA, 1.2AA, and 1.4AA, respectively) were carried out on Quercus robur L., Quercus ilex L., and Quercus pubescens Willd. seedlings, to study physiological traits (1. isotope signature [delta 13C, delta 18O and delta 15N], 2. water relation [leaf water potential, leaf water content], 3. leaf gas exchange [light-saturated net photosynthesis, Asat, and stomatal conductance, gs]) for adaptation strategies in a Free-Air Controlled Exposure (FACE) experiment. Ozone decreased Asat in Q. robur and Q. pubescens while water stress decreased it in all three oak species. Ozone did not affect delta 13C, whereas delta 18O was influenced by O3 especially in Q. robur. This may reflect a reduction of gs with the concomitant reduction in photosynthetic capacity. However, the effect of elevated O3 on leaf gas exchange as indicated by the combined analysis of stable isotopes was much lower than that of water stress. Water stress was detectable by delta 13C and by delta 18O in all three oak species, while delta 15N did not define plant response to stress conditions in any species. The delta 13C signal was correlated to leaf water content (LWC) in Q. robur and Q. ilex, showing isohydric and anisohydric strategy, respectively, at increasing stress intensity (low value of LWC). No interactive effect of water stress and O3 exposure on the isotopic responses was found, suggesting no cross-protection on seasonal carbon assimilation independently on the species adaptation strategy.
Keywords: ozone, gas exchange, English oak, holm oak, downy oak, Quercus ilex L., Quercus robur L., Quercus pubescens Willd
Published in DiRROS: 11.08.2020; Views: 1727; Downloads: 1062
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Effect of spatial scale and harvest on heterogeneity of forest floor CO2 efflux in a sessile oak forest
Eva Dařenová, Matjaž Čater, 2020, original scientific article

Abstract: Soil respiration is the second largest flux of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere and it is substantially sensitive to climate change. Monitoring CO2 efflux and its upscaling from field measurements to the ecosystem level is a complex task, due to the high spatial and temporal variability of the fluxes. Human intervention, e.g. through forest harvest, may change both CO2 efflux and its spatial heterogeneity. The objective of our study was to quantify spatial heterogeneity of soil CO2 efflux within and among plots distributed within a topographically variable sessile oak forest stand before and after harvesting. Forest floor CO2 efflux, soil temperature and soil water content were measured monthly in a sessile oak forest during two growing seasons: one before and one after harvesting. Stand structure characteristics (gap fraction, leaf area index, tree number and size) and the amount of understory also were determined. Relationships between individual variables and spatial heterogeneity were analyzed. The small-scale spatial heterogeneity (expresses as the coefficient of variation) of forest floor CO2 efflux and soil water content (SWC) in the undisturbed forest was low, at maximum 0.22 and 0.13, respectively. Studied variables had no effect on spatial heterogeneity of forest floor CO2 efflux except for the amount of understorey vegetation which positively correlated with forest floor CO2 efflux. Although the studied forest was situated in topographically variable terrain, we observed that inter-plot heterogeneity of forest floor CO2 efflux was lower than that within plots. Stand harvest increased the intra-plot heterogeneity of forest floor CO2 efflux but did not affect the inter-plot heterogeneity. This leads to the conclusion that the number of positions within an individual plot should increase after harvest but the number of plots may remain unchanged to determine adequately ecosystem forest floor CO2 efflux.
Keywords: gap fraction, LAI, Quercus petraea, soil respiration, soil water content
Published in DiRROS: 20.02.2020; Views: 1856; Downloads: 207

26.
Pseudodidymella fagi in Slovenia : first report and expansion of host range
Nikica Ogris, Ana Brglez, Barbara Piškur, 2019, original scientific article

Abstract: The fungus Pseudodidymella fagi is spreading in Europe and causing leaf blotch of European beech, Fagus sylvatica. Between 2008 and 2017, outbreaks of P. fagi were observed on European beech in Switzerland, Germany (also on F. orientalis), Austria, and Slovakia. In Slovenia, leaf blotch symptoms were first observed on F. sylvatica in 2018. P. fagi was identified as the causal agent of the observed symptoms in Slovenia by morphological examinations together with sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA. This study links the fungus to the expansion of the known distribution of the disease to Slovenia, and based on in vitro pathogenicity trials, also to a new potential host, Quercus petraea. The pathogenicity tests confirmed F. sylvatica and F. orientalis as hosts for P. fagi, but not Castanea sativa, where pathogenicity to F. orientalis was proved for first time in vitro. Although Koch%s postulates could not be proven for C. sativa, it seems to be partially susceptible in vitro because some of the inoculation points developed lesions. Additionally, damage to Carpinus betulus related to P. fagi near heavily infected beech trees was observed in vivo but was not tested in laboratory trials. Based on the results and our observations in the field, it is likely that P. fagi has a wider host range than previously thought and that we might be witnessing host switching.
Keywords: Pycnopleiospora fagi, leaf blotch, pathogenicity test, inoculation test, Fagus orientalis, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, mycopappus-like propagule, Carpinus betulus, host switching
Published in DiRROS: 23.08.2019; Views: 2424; Downloads: 1524
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27.
Analiza uspešnosti vzpostavitve nadomestnega habitata Črni log - Hotiška gmajna s poudarkom na rastni uspešnosti sadik
Samar Al Sayegh-Petkovšek, 2019, original scientific article

Abstract: Analizirali smo vzpostavitev nadomestnega habitata Črni log - Hotiška gmajna, ki je bil osnovan jeseni 2010 s sajenjem predvsem dveletnih sadik drevesnih in grmovnih vrst kot omilitveni ukrep zaradi izgube gozdnih površin v Črnem logu ob izgradnji avtocestnega odseka Beltinci-Lendava. V obdobju od 2011 do 2017 smo določili deleže preživetja, izdelali ocene vitalnosti in določili višinski ter debelinski prirastek za 566 sadik sedmih drevesnih vrst (črna jelša, dob, gorski javor, divja češnja, maklen, čremsa in poljski brest), rastočih na 26 raziskovalnih ploskvah. Sajenje je bilo praviloma uspešno pri vseh analiziranih vrstah, z izjemo divje češnje, kljub nekoliko večjem izpadu v drugem rastnem obdobju (dob, črna jelša, čremsa) oziroma še tri leta po sajenju (dob). Domnevamo, da je na zmanjšano preživetje sadik v letu 2012 vplivala suša v obdobju od oktobra 2011 do februarja 2012. Hkrati so v aprilu 2012 poročali o spomladanski pozebi, za katero je zlasti občutljiv dob, katerega povprečni delež preživetja se je povečal na okoli 70 % šele v letu 2015 in se nato ni več bistveno spremenil. Na podlagi opaženih poškodb divje češnje, čremse in maklena že v letu 2011 ter gorskega javorja in poljskega bresta v letu 2012 sklepamo, da je tudi objedanje divjadi vplivalo na manjši delež preživetja, vendar manj kot neugodne vremenske razmere. V tretjem letu (2013) po vzpostavitvi nadomestnega habitata sta bila povprečni višinski in povprečni debelinski prirastek na koreninskem vratu za vse drevesne vrste, z izjemo divje češnje, pozitivna in bistveno večja od prejšnjega rastnega obdobja (april 2011 - april 2012). Upoštevaje deleže preživetja, višinsko in debelinsko priraščanje ter delež vitalnih sadik je najuspešnejša drevesna vrsta črna jelša, kar je pogoj za oblikovanje načrtovanega jelševega sestoja. Med vsemi opazovanimi vrstami pa je najmanj uspešna divja češnja. Delež preživetja sadik je bil namreč vseskozi manjši od zahtevanih 70 %, zato smo ocenili, da sajenje divje češnje na izbranih raziskovalnih ploskvah ni bilo uspešno. Na podlagi ugotovitev so jo že v jeseni 2013 ponovno sadili, vendar zunaj raziskovalnih ploskev in zato slednje ne vpliva na predstavljene rezultate. Lahko zaključimo, da se med Hotiško gmajno in Črnim logom uspešno vzpostavlja gozdni habitat, ki nadomešča prejšnje njivske površine in da bo lahko nadomestil oziroma omilil škodo zaradi izgube gozdnih površin v Črnem logu ob izgradnji avtoceste A5 na odseku Beltinci-Lendava. Pričakujemo, da bo nastali gozdni sestoj v naslednjih letih omogočil gnezdenje srednjega detla in belovratnega muharja, ki sta zaradi gradnje avtoceste izgubila del svojega habitata.
Keywords: nadomestni habitat, Črni log - Hotiška gmajna, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gartn., Quercus robur L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Acer campestre L., Prunus avium L., Prunus padus L., Ulmus minor Mill., sadike
Published in DiRROS: 08.08.2019; Views: 3006; Downloads: 820
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Growth response of different tree species (oaks, beech and pine) from SE Europe to precipitation over time
Dejan Stojanović, Tom Levanič, Bratislav Matović, Stefan Stjepanović, Saša Orlović, original scientific article

Abstract: Changing climatic conditions can have various consequences for forest ecosystems, from increasing frequencies of forest fires, ice and windstorm events to pathogen outbreaks and mass mortalities. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was chosen for the evaluation of drought impact on the radial growth of trees after extensive preliminary testing of various calculated monthly climate parameters from the CARPATCLIM database. SPI was calculated for periods between 3 and 36 months for different sites (lowland and mountainous parts of Serbia, Southeast Europe), from which Quercus robur, Q. cerris, Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris samples were acquired. Bootstrapped Pearson%s correlations between SPI monthly indices and radial growth of tree species were calculated. We found that 12-month SPI for summer months may be a good predictor of positive and negative growth of different species at different sites. The strongest positive correlations for five of six tree-ring width chronologies were between 12-month June and 14-month September SPI, which implies that high growth rates can be expected when the autumn of the previous year, and winter, spring and summer of the current year, are well supplied with precipitation, and vice versa (low precipitation in given period/low growth rates).
Keywords: standardized precipitation index, SPI, climate change, tree mortality, Quercus sp., Fagus sylvatica, Pinus sylvestris
Published in DiRROS: 18.04.2018; Views: 2919; Downloads: 1670
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30.
Hrastova čipkarka (Corythucha arcuata)
Andreja Kavčič, 2018, professional article

Keywords: poškodbe in varstvo gozdov, hrastova čipkarka, Corythucha arcuata, hrast, Quercus spp., drevesni listi
Published in DiRROS: 13.02.2018; Views: 3096; Downloads: 704
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