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Article

Impact of Dye Encapsulation in ZIF-8 on CO2, Water, and Wet CO2 Sorption

by
Aljaž Škrjanc
1,2,
Mojca Opresnik
1,
Matej Gabrijelčič
1,3,
Andraž Šuligoj
1,4,
Gregor Mali
1,2,† and
Nataša Zabukovec Logar
1,2,*
1
Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
2
Postgraduate School, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
3
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska ulica 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
4
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubjana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Deceased.
Molecules 2023, 28(20), 7056; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207056
Submission received: 29 August 2023 / Revised: 3 October 2023 / Accepted: 11 October 2023 / Published: 12 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zeolite and Zeolite-Like Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The fast adsorption kinetics of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) enable a wide range of sorption applications. The most commonly used framework, ZIF-8, is relatively non-polar. Increasing the polarity of ZIF-8 through the encapsulation of different polar species shows promise for enhancing the sorption performance for pure CO2. Recently, the outlook has re-focused on gas mixtures, mostly in the context of post-combustion CO2 capture from wet flue gasses. While water is known to sometimes have a synergistic effect on CO2 sorption, we still face the potential problem of preferential water vapor adsorption. Herein, we report the preparation of three ZIF-8/organic dye (OD) composites using Congo red, Xylenol orange, and Bromothymol blue, and their impact on the sorption properties for CO2, water, and a model wet CO2 system at 50% RH. The results show that the preparation of OD composites can be a promising way to optimize adsorbents for single gasses, but further work is needed to find superior ZIF@OD for the selective sorption of CO2 from wet gas mixtures.

1. Introduction

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a subgroup of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) that are formed from tetrahedrally coordinated imidazole and benzimidazole ligands to transition metals, forming 2D and 3D coordination networks [1]. The tetrahedral coordination and the similar bond angles to those observed in zeolites give the materials their name. Due to the framework’s similarity to zeolites, topology nomenclature from the zeolite field is used, with the most common ZIFs exhibiting the SOD [2,3,4,5], RHO [6,7,8], and LTA [9,10] topologies. The broad variety of linkers also led to the formation of ZIFs with non-zeolite topologies, such as lcs [4], cag [11], etc.
The most studied and widely used ZIF is the zinc 2-methylimidazolate with sodalite topology named ZIF-8 (Figure 1) [5]. Its widespread use as a functional material [3,12,13,14], can be attributed to its high chemical and thermal stability [15] as well as to the ease of its preparation [16]. Despite its high stability and fast sorption kinetics, ZIF-8′s CO2 uptake is relatively low at working temperature and pressure conditions (~1 atm, 298 K). The framework’s nonpolar linkers (Figure 1) provide no additional interaction with CO2 and, as such, the uptake is largely dependent on the surface area [17] associated with the synthesis method chosen [18].
To use the advantage of ZIF-8 stability and, at the same time, improve the CO2 sorption performance, various techniques have been applied to try to identify the adsorption sites, interactions, and adsorption mechanisms of ZIF adsorbents [19,20,21,22,23]. What has successfully been proven is that the metal node is not an adsorption site and CO2 sorption is attributed to week intermolecular interactions between CO2′s dipoles and the aromatic imidazole rings. Furthermore, the benchmark adsorption of ZIF-8 of around 1 mmol CO2 per g at 1 bar and 298 K [24] is low, if compared to its less stable structural analogues like ZIF-90 and ZIF-94, which exhibit an uptake of ~2 mmol CO2 per g at the same temperature and pressure. The difference is attributed to the presence of polar aldehyde groups on ZIF-90 and ZIF-94 linkers, since the metal modes and imidazolate rings are the same in both structures.
Throughout the years, different approaches towards adding functionality and thus increasing the CO2 uptake of ZIF-8 have been developed, resulting in three main synthesis techniques. The first two add functional groups either through linker modification, as mentioned in the previous paragraph [25,26,27,28], or through pore filling with dyes [29] or ionic liquids [30,31,32]. The third approach is defect creation [33,34,35]. In all cases, added functionality increases the interactions between the porous material and CO2 and enhances the uptake, with the exception of encapsulation where, potentially, the pores can be overfilled [29] and the accessible surface-area-dependent part of the sorption is impacted.
With encapsulation showing promising results with pure CO2, now the outlook is also focusing on gas mixtures in order to evaluate the potential of selective CO2 capture, e.g., from wet streams. While water is known to sometimes increase CO2 sorption in certain MOFs [36], we still face the potential problem that is preferential water adsorption due to the dyes’ and ionic liquids’ high hydrophilicity. Herein, we report on the preparation of three ZIF-8/organic dye (OD) composites using Congo red (CR), Xylenol orange (XO), and Bromothymol blue (BB) (Figure 2). The ODs chosen were from the list of the most common organic dyes used as pH indicators [37], metal ion indicators [37], and as model pollutants for photocatalysis [38], with different sizes, shapes, and functional groups. After successful OD incorporation, the impact of the structure modification on the sorption properties for water, CO2, and a model wet CO2 system at 50% RH was investigated.

2. Results

2.1. Synthesis and Characterization

The prepared ZIF-8 samples were first analyzed with powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) to confirm successful framework formation (Figure 3). The modified ZIF-8 materials all show the major diffraction peaks corresponding to the diffraction pattern of the original ZIF-8. These patterns indicate that the addition of dyes into the reaction mixture still allowed for framework formation without a significant loss to crystallinity. The samples after activation, i.e., heating under vacuum to remove volatile compounds from pores (denoted with letter “A” in Figure 3), were again checked with PXRD to confirm that no thermal decomposition of the framework occurred.
Dye incorporation was observed visually as all OD samples exhibited vivid color (Figure 4, left) if compared to the white parent ZIF-8. The vibrancy did not change even after washing with MeOH. After the successful preparation of ZIF-8 and the ZIF-8OD frameworks, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine morphology and particle size distribution (Figure S5). SEM imaging (Figure 4) showed that, in all cases, nanoparticles of up to 100 nm in size were successfully prepared with unmodified ZIF-8, and the BB and XO ZIF-8 showed octahedral particles, while ZIF-8CRs particles were more rounded and slightly smaller when compared to the rest.
To test for potential interactions between the framework and the organic dyes (potential shifts peaks), and the quantification of the OD amounts 1H and 1H-13C CPMAS NMR, was performed on the parent and three dye-modified samples (Figure 5, Figures S1 and S2). Visible in the 1H NMR of all is the two broad peaks belonging to ZIF-8, as well as the additional narrow peaks, that are assumed to be assigned to unreacted linker and solvent. The 1H-13C CP MAS NMR spectra of the ZIFs shows three large peaks belonging to C1, C2, and C3 (Figure 1). Peaks belonging to the organic dyes could not be observed, as such, acid digestion 1H liquid NMR was carried out (Figure S3). All liquid spectra have the expected four peaks from Dymethil sulfoxide as the used solvent, H2O, C2, and C3, with integrals for C2 and C3 matching the expected ratio of 2/3. The ZIF-8CR spectrum had some issues with anisotropy in the aromatic region; nevertheless, clear, very weak singlet peaks were successfully assigned and integrated to determine the dye loading. The dye loadings were estimated to be around 1 wt% for ZIF-8CR and ZIF-8BB, respectively, and 2 wt% for ZIF-8XO. The loadings determined were an order of magnitude lower than those reported in the literature for the hierarchically porous ZIF-8RB system [39]. The difference can be attributed to the difference in synthesis procedure. The literature synthesis relies on the kinetic entrapment of dye due to the addition of triethylamine base, which induces the formation of an intermediate ZnO phase, as well as the formation of mesopores leading to hierarchical ZIF-8 structures.

2.2. Sorption Studies

Activated unmodified and modified samples were analyzed using N2 physisorption to determine the specific surface area, micropore and total pore volume, as well as pore size distribution (Figure 6, Table 1, Figure S4). The CO2, water, and 50% RH CO2 isotherms (the material was sequentially filled, first with water vapour and then with CO2) were measured to evaluate the uptake of single gas/vapour and their mixture (Figure 7, Table 1).

3. Discussion

The successful in situ incorporation of the organic dyes into the ZIF-8 framework was initially confirmed by the strong vibrant colors of the samples (Figure 4). Soaking the dried samples in methanol overnight did not significantly colour the solution or lead to a visible reduction in the colour vibrancy of the samples, which hints at the strong anchoring of the dye molecules to the support. Previous studies on the adsorption of the dye Rhodamine B (RB) in ZIF-8 [40] revealed that interactions between the organic parts of the framework and the dye can be observed as slight shifts of the peaks in the 1H-13C CPMAS spectra. While a shift was observed for ZIF-8CR and ZIF-8BB (Figure 5), in our case, it was smaller than reported for Rhodamine B and was only visible for the terminal ring C atoms, denoted as C2 in Figure 1. The small shift is not sufficient to state unambiguously that this is the locus of the preferential interactions of the framework with the dyes, especially since the additional shifts due to π–π stacking observed for Rhodamine B [40] are not found in our samples. This might be due to an order of magnitude smaller amount of OD in our case when compared to the previously reported data. Acid digestion liquid 1H NMR spectra were collected with very long relaxation times (5 s) and high numbers of scans (32) to hopefully obtain clear OD proton peaks. The obtained spectra mostly show the solvent and linker signals, with some small contributions peeking out from the baseline. Only doublet and singlet signals from the dyes could be identified; higher couplings and multiplets were too spread out and disappeared into the baseline. Still, partial assignation and integration allowed for the determination of mass loading, with all ZIF-8OD having a mass loading of around 1 w%. The nanoparticle nature of the prepared frameworks is apparent in the 1H spectra, showing two broad peaks of the ZIF-8 framework with some additional peaks observed in the ZIF-OD samples (Figure 5). While the deconvolution of spectra was carried out, the assignation of the peaks belonging to the protons of the OD and the further determination of dye loading could not be achieved. From these results, we could only speculate that dyes are stabilized in pores through electrostatic interactions.
This speculation was further checked using UV-Vis spectroscopy. First, the dyes’ anionic forms were investigated (Figure S4). In the case of XO and BB, the anionic form is expected, due to the intense colour shift [41,42]. But we could not be sure if the colour shift is due to XO coordinating to Zn or just due to the deprotonation of the dye [41]. Therefore, the UV-Vis spectra of XO and BB water solutions with added base, and of XO with zinc acetate, were recorded. A comparison of the UV-Vis spectra of ZIF-8 and dye solutions shows that the dye is in its deprotonated ionic form, in both the case of ZIF-8BB and ZIF-8XO. The adsorption minimum at around 250 cm−1 that can be observed in the case of ZIF-8XO and deprotonated XO leads us to conclude that the ZnXO complex does not form. Complex formation would lead to higher adsorption in the region around 250 cm−1 leading to a lack of local minimum. An inspection of the spectra of ZIF-8CR shows only slight changes in the spectrum of the dye in the framework or in the solution, leading to the conclusion that CR is held in the pores by weak intermolecular interactions, while BB and XO appear to interact through electrostatic forces.
Nitrogen physisorption (Figure 6, Table 1) showed that no significant reduction in specific surface area was observed for ZIF-8XO, which has a similar SBET to unmodified ZIF-8. However, the ZIF-8BB and ZIF-8CR samples showed a slight decrease in SBET. The micropore volume of the prepared materials was smaller or larger in proportion to the SBET. The unmodified sample exhibited a sharp increase in the adsorbed volume at higher relative pressure, indicating mesoporosity, most probably interparticle mesoporosity. This is also indicated by the significantly larger total pore volume determined, if compared to the three ZIF-8OD samples. ZIF-8CR, despite its smaller particle size, SBET, and lower micropore volume, has the highest total pore volume of all three ZIF-8OD samples, which can be attributed to its higher interparticle mesoporosity. ZIF-8CR also has a visible increase in adsorbed amount at high P/P0, although this is slightly smaller than the unmodified ZIF-8.
While there was little change in N2 physisorption between samples, a significant difference was observed in CO2 and water uptake (Figure 7, Table 1). All CO2 isotherms still kept a similar line shape, with varying slopes. ZIF-8BB and ZIF-8XO had significantly higher CO2 uptake than the starting material ZIF-8, while ZIF-8CR had a similar uptake despite a 200 m2/g lower SBET. However, we were only able to increase CO2 uptake with dye incorporation by a maximum of 18%, which is significantly less than the reported 54% increase for ZIF-8RB [29]. On the other hand, Abdelhamid [29] showed that, in all cases, methylene blue (MB) reduced the uptake when compared to parent ZIF-8. The significantly lower CO2 uptake of ZIF-8CR could also be due to the partial steric blocking of pores and CO2 adsorption sites of the framework imidazolates, as evidenced by the slight shift in the C2 13C peaks in the NMR spectra. On the other hand, the high uptake of ZIF-8BB can be attributed to the comparatively sterically smaller size of the dye and its non-planar nature, leading to the formation of new dipole-based adsorption sites in the pores without blocking the already existing adsorption sites of ZIF-8.
Water isotherms show the opposite behavior. In all cases, the ZIFs exhibit the same adsorption isotherm shape. While ZIF-8CR had the lowest CO2 uptake, it had the highest water uptake at 7.3 mmol, which is almost four times that of the unmodified ZIF-8. The other two ZIF-8OD only doubled the water uptake when compared to ZIF-8. The ZIF-8OD’s increased water adsorption was expected, as all OD have hydrophilic functionalities present in their molecular structures. While quadrupling the uptake of ZIF-8CR compared to the unmodified sample, it is still lower than in some hydrophilic ZIF frameworks, like ZIF-93 and ZIF-90, which can reach water uptakes of up to 20 mmol/g. Also of interest is the hysteresis observed in all three ZIF-8OD samples, the most pronounced being for ZIF-8CR. The desorption isotherm of the latter exhibits relatively small hysteresis until 40% RH; however, after that point, the desorption curve reaches almost a plateau. This indicates that water almost irreversibly bonds in ZIF-8OD structures. The shift in adsorption is also apparent in the kinetics of the adsorption (Figure S6) in the BB and XO samples, with a slower adsorption up to 30% RH, after which the mass stabilizes significantly faster. Interestingly, the same was not observed for ZIF-8CR where adsorption steps took a similar amount of time throughout the RH region.
To test the possible interference or synergistic effects of water on CO2 sorption in advance, a model system was developed with 50% RH. Due to instrumentation limitations, a direct 50% RH CO2 isotherm was not possible. To work around the problem, a model protocol was developed in which water was first added to the system to a pressure where 50% RH would be achieved at 760 torr. After the addition of the water into the system, a CO2 isotherm was measured in the same manner as before for dry CO2. Due to the difference in hydrophilicity between the samples, both a full isotherm and a corrected isotherm, where the initial water uptake was subtracted, were plotted (Figure 7). The 50% RH isotherms (Figure 7, Table 1) showed that the expected problem of preferential water adsorption may be an issue in selected ZIF-8 OD systems, as for all three OD ZIFs a corrected CO2 uptake is lower than the one observed for ZIF-8. Furthermore, the CO2 uptake is the lowest for ZIF-8CR, where the water uptake was the highest despite a change in the adsorption curve from the one for dry CO2. From these, we can conclude that the water in our ZIF-8 OD is preferentially adsorbed and prevents CO2 sorption, therefore no synergistic effects could be determined. While desorption has a negative hysteresis, this is mainly due to the instrumentation error, where we cannot control the humidity during desorption and, as such, the hysteresis is partially due to resulting changes RH, not only pressure. Based on the available setup and the selected protocol, we could not evaluate the possibility that some sites, already saturated by water vapor, might allow competitive CO2 and water vapor sorption, if both CO2 and H2O are introduced in the system simultaneously. The selected protocol, therefore, revealed only the “worst-case-scenario” regarding CO2 uptake and allows, at best, for a rough estimation of the behavior of these materials in wet CO2 conditions. In general, for all three studied ZIF-8OD samples, the single water and CO2 uptakes are worse that in ZIF-8’s closest hydrophilic analogues, ZIF-90 and ZIF-94. However, the difference occurs for wet CO2 isotherms; in the case of ZIF-8OD the adsorption sites do not fully saturate with water and CO2 isotherms can still be collected. While hydrophilic ZIFs usually show promise using breakthrough curve measurements [43], on the other hand, in the field of MOFs, several materials were already identified, the most recent being the zinc triazolate oxalate framework CALF-20, which exhibits high CO2 uptake in humid conditions [44]. Our results and data from the literature thus indicate that more work must be carried out on understanding and developing alternative systems that are robust and selective towards not only CO2/N2, but also CO2/H2O. Ideally, we could point towards the preparation of ZIFs with hydrophobic linkers to prevent water uptake, but which include strong polarized bonds to increase the interactions of CO2 with the framework. This could lead to higher uptakes of CO2, even in humid conditions. One such potential avenue is in the sodalite phases of zinc 4,5-dichloroimidazolate [45,46].

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Materials

Methanol (MeOH, >99%), (GVL, 99%), 2H-methylimidazole (MIM, 97%), Xylenol Orange disodium salt (XO), Bromophenol Blue sodium salt (BB), Congo red (CR) and zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2∙6H2O, 99%), and deuterium chloride (DCl (35%)/D2O) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany); deuterated dimetyhlsulphoxide (DMSO-d6) was purchased from Eurisotop (Saint-Aubin, France) and was used without further purification.

4.2. ZIF-8 and ZIF-8 OD Synthesis

A solution of 1.51 g (4.6 mmol) zinc nitrate hexahydrate in 50 mL of MeOH was added to a solution of 0.15 g OD and 3.33 g (4 mmol) MIM in 50 mL MeOH. The combined solutions were left to stir covered for 24 h then centrifuged at 6000 rpm. The precipitate was then resuspended in fresh MeOH and centrifuged again. The washing with MeOH was repeated twice. The samples were then dried in a fan oven at 60 °C overnight. Samples for sorption experiments were activated in a static vacuum at 150 °C. ZIF-8 was prepared in the same way without the addition of OD into the linker solution.

4.3. Characterization

Powder X-ray diffraction data (PXRD) were recorded on a PANanalytical X’Pert PRO high-resolution diffractometer using CuKα1 radiation (1.5406 Å) in the 2θ range from 5 to 50° (100 s per step 0.033° 2θ) with a fully opened X’Celerator detector. The diffractograms were analyzed and the particle size calculated using the Sherrer equation with the HighScore Plus 4.9 program package (Malvern Panalytical B.V.).
Nitrogen physisorption isotherms were recorded at −196 °C using the Autosorb iQ3. Before the adsorption analysis, the samples were degassed under a vacuum for 10 h at 150 °C. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area was calculated from adsorption data in the relative pressure range from 0.005 to 0.02. The total pore volume (Vtotal) was calculated from the amount of N2 adsorbed at P/P0 = 0.97 and micropore volume from t-plot (P/P0 = 0.15–0.3).
Liquid UV-Vis spectra were taken on an Agilent Cary 60 instrument equipped with 10 mm quartz cuvette. The optical properties of solid samples were taken using a diffuse reflectance mode on a Lambda 650 UV-vis spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA), equipped with a Praying Mantis accessory (Harrick). The scan speed was 480 nm/min and the slit was set to 2 nm. Spectralon® (Harrick Scientific Products, Pleasantville, NY, USA) was used for background correction.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken using a Zeiss Supra 35 VP microscope with an electron high tension voltage of 1.00 kV and Aperture Size 30.00 μm.
CO2 and H2O isotherms were collected on a Surface Measurements Systems DVS Vacuum system. The samples were first degassed at 110 °C in a vacuum with the turbo pump on for 3h, then left to cool under a vacuum for 3 h. The isotherms were collected at 30 °C in the pressure ranges P/P0 from 0 to 0.90 for water and 0 to 1.0 for CO2, with P0H2O being 31.5 torr and P0CO2 760 torr. Humid CO2 isotherms were collected by adding a first step where water vapor was added to the pressure where, at 760 torr, 50% RH would be achieved. The CO2 isotherms were then collected the same way as for dry CO2.
Solid-state MAS (magic angle spinning) NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE NEO 400 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a 4 mm CPMAS probe. Larmor frequencies of 1H and 13C nuclei were 400.14 MHz and 100.62 MHz. Sample MAS frequencies were 15 kHz for the measurements of 1H and 13C spectra. 1H spectra were recorded using Hahn echo pulse sequence of π/2 and π pulses with duration of 2.5 μs and 5.0 μs, respectively, 100 scans and delay between scans of 5 s. 1H-13C cross-polarization (CP) spectra were recorded using a 1H excitation pulse of 2.5 μs and contact time of 2.5 ms, 3000 scans with a delay between scans of 5 s. The shift axis in all the spectra was referenced using an external reference of adamantane.
Digestion liquid 1H NMR was recorded using an AVANCE NEO Bruker 600 MHz spectrometer at room temperature. Approximately 1.5 mg of each sample was digested in a mixture of DCl (35%)/D2O (0.1 mL) and diluted with DMSO-d6 (0.5 mL). Data analysis was performed using TopSpin 4.0.9 (Bruker) software.

5. Conclusions

Herein, we report on a study of the sorption properties of a series of organic dye (OD) ZIF-8 composites. While ODs have proven to generally increase both CO2 and water sorption, the latter by up to four times, the significant increase in hydrophilicity of the framework negates the increase in CO2 uptake achieved when adsorbing CO2 in a model 50% RH system. The results show that OD encapsulation in ZIFs could, indeed, be a promising route for increasing the CO2 sorption of already promising sorbents in dry conditions. Furthermore, the ZIF-8CRs quadruplication of the water uptake could, in the future, potentially be combined with already hydrophilic ZIF/MOF materials to further increase their water uptake, which could be beneficial for applications in water harvesting or thermochemical-sorption-based energy storage. The lack of a synergetic effect of larger amounts of water on CO2 affirms the need for further investigation into developing not only porous materials with increased CO2 uptake, but porous materials with high CO2/water selectivity for effective CO2 capture from flue gasses or other wet gas mixtures.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules28207056/s1, Figure S1: 1H-13C CPMAS NMR spectra of samples, Figure S2 1H MAS NMR deconvoluted spectra of samples, Figure S3: 1H NMR of acid digested ZIF-8OD Figure S4: images of samples after dye adsorption, Figure S5: pore size distribution, Figure S6: water sorption mass/pressure as a function of time plot (red line mass, blue line pressure).

Author Contributions

A.Š. (Aljaž Škrjanc): conceptualisation, synthesis, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation, liquid NMR; M.O.: characterisation, writing—review; M.G.: SS NMR measurements and data analysis; A.Š. (Andraž Šuligoj): UV-VIS measurements and interpretation, review; G.M.: SS NMR analysis validation, review; N.Z.L.: funding acquisition, writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Slovenian Research and Innovations Agency Research programmes P1-0021, P1-0134 and project J1-2472.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Sorption data are available upon request.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Edi Kranjc for the XRD measurements, and the Slovenian NMR centre for granting access to the NMR equipment.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Molecules 28 07056 g001
Figure 1. 2-methylimidazole (left) and sodalite framework of ZIF-8 (right).
Figure 1. 2-methylimidazole (left) and sodalite framework of ZIF-8 (right).
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Molecules 28 07056 g002
Figure 2. Structures of OD used for ZIF encapsulation in this study (CR, BB, XO) and in the literature (RB, MB, Ref. [29]).
Figure 2. Structures of OD used for ZIF encapsulation in this study (CR, BB, XO) and in the literature (RB, MB, Ref. [29]).
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Molecules 28 07056 g003
Figure 3. PXRD patterns of prepared ZIFs.
Figure 3. PXRD patterns of prepared ZIFs.
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Molecules 28 07056 g004
Figure 4. Photos of prepared ZIF-8OD (left) and SEMs of as synthesized samples (right).
Figure 4. Photos of prepared ZIF-8OD (left) and SEMs of as synthesized samples (right).
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Molecules 28 07056 g005
Figure 5. 1H spectra of parent ZIF-8 and ZIF-8OD samples (left) and 1H-13C CPMAS spectrum around the peak at 124 ppm (right).
Figure 5. 1H spectra of parent ZIF-8 and ZIF-8OD samples (left) and 1H-13C CPMAS spectrum around the peak at 124 ppm (right).
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Molecules 28 07056 g006
Figure 6. N2 physisorption isotherms of prepared samples.
Figure 6. N2 physisorption isotherms of prepared samples.
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Figure 7. Dry CO2 and water isotherms (top), full 50% RH CO2 isotherm (bottom left) and CO2 isotherms corrected for water sorption (bottom right); Adsorption curves (full marks), desorption curves (empty marks).
Figure 7. Dry CO2 and water isotherms (top), full 50% RH CO2 isotherm (bottom left) and CO2 isotherms corrected for water sorption (bottom right); Adsorption curves (full marks), desorption curves (empty marks).
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Table 1. Results of sorption tests and data from the literature.
Table 1. Results of sorption tests and data from the literature.
N2 PhysisorptionGas/Vapour Uptake
SBET [m2/g]Vmicro
[mL/g]		Vtotal
[mL/g]		CO2
[mmol/g]		H2O [mmol/g(wt%)]Wet CO2 c
[mmol/g]
ZIF-815660.591.410.561.9 (3.4)0.54
ZIF-8BB14570.560.670.664.6 (8.4)0.51
ZIF-8CR13140.500.800.547.3 (13.1)0.41
ZIF-8XO15600.590.750.623.8 (6.9)0.52
ZIF-8RB a10000.320.620.79 b//
ZIF-8MB a4000.120.270.41 b//
a from Ref. [29], b measured at 25 °C, c after subtraction of the water adsorbed.
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Škrjanc, A.; Opresnik, M.; Gabrijelčič, M.; Šuligoj, A.; Mali, G.; Zabukovec Logar, N. Impact of Dye Encapsulation in ZIF-8 on CO2, Water, and Wet CO2 Sorption. Molecules 2023, 28, 7056. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207056

AMA Style

Škrjanc A, Opresnik M, Gabrijelčič M, Šuligoj A, Mali G, Zabukovec Logar N. Impact of Dye Encapsulation in ZIF-8 on CO2, Water, and Wet CO2 Sorption. Molecules. 2023; 28(20):7056. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207056

Chicago/Turabian Style

Škrjanc, Aljaž, Mojca Opresnik, Matej Gabrijelčič, Andraž Šuligoj, Gregor Mali, and Nataša Zabukovec Logar. 2023. "Impact of Dye Encapsulation in ZIF-8 on CO2, Water, and Wet CO2 Sorption" Molecules 28, no. 20: 7056. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207056

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